Heating and reaction system and method using recycle reactor

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for heating, reacting, and/or treating a stream containing oxidizable matter. Recycle reactor is used alone or in conjunction with plug-flow reactor. Density differences in the recycle reactor facilitate flow within the recycle reactor without substantial external heat exchange.

This is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 08/657,899 filedJun. 7, 1996.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention generally relates to systems and methods for heatingand/or treating a stream containing oxidizable matter, particularlyreactor systems and methods utilizing oxidation reactions at or nearsupercritical conditions for water. Such systems and methods may beparticularly useful to treat organic waste in aqueous-organic wastestreams.

2. Description of the Related Art

The treatment of organic waste is becoming increasingly important.Traditional means of handling organic waste, such as landfill isolationor incineration, have many drawbacks. These drawbacks include landfillleakage and air pollution from incomplete combustion duringincineration.

Concerns over problems associated with traditional organic wastetreatment solutions have led to new developments in waste treatment. Onepromising solution for the treatment of organic matter is theaccelerated oxidation of organic matter in an aqueous stream at elevatedtemperatures and pressures. This treatment has been discovered to beespecially efficient when reacting the organic matter with an oxidant ator near supercritical conditions for water. The thermodynamic criticalpoint for water is a temperature of about 705° F. at a pressure of about3200 psia. Above these conditions, water is supercritical.

The process of reacting organic matter with an oxidant at supercriticalconditions for water is referred to as supercritical water oxidation. Attemperatures and pressures above its thermodynamic critical point, waterachieves a state similar to a dense gas. Some of the properties ofsupercritical water that are advantageous for the oxidation of organicmatter are relatively low viscosity and relatively high organicsolubility in a substantially single, dense phase that is similar tohigh-pressure, superheated steam. Thus, supercritical water tends toprovide a dispersed reaction medium in which organic matter will oxidizewith high efficiency when in the presence of an oxidant.

Supercritical water oxidation of organic matter generally producescarbon dioxide and water. These reaction products are generally easilyseparated and are non-toxic to the environment. Supercritical wateroxidation achieves high destruction efficiencies of organic materials.Efficiencies of 99.99% or greater have been obtained. These highefficiencies and clean reaction products make supercritical wateroxidation a significant technology for waste treatment.

Specially designed reactor systems have been developed for treatment ofaqueous-organic streams by supercritical water oxidation. In a typicalsupercritical water oxidation system the aqueous-organic stream is fedinto a reactor at conditions around the critical temperature for water.An oxidant (typically oxygen) is introduced in the reactor. The organicmatter reacts with the oxidant and produces an effluent. The oxidationreaction produces a substantial amount of heat which results in theeffluent being at a temperature significantly higher than thetemperature of the aqueous-organic input stream.

An aqueous-organic input stream may typically be drawn from a holdingtank and pressurized to above the critical point for water. A pump, suchas a positive displacement pump, is used to pressurize the stream. Aheat exchanger may be used to heat the input stream using heat fromeffluent from the reactor. Generally, an additional preheater isrequired to raise the temperature of the input stream to near thecritical temperature for water when the stream enters the reactor. Thepreheater may be a gas-fired heater which continuously operates to heatthe input stream to the reactor.

After the organic matter reacts with oxidant in the reactor, an effluentexits the reactor and flows through the heat exchanger. The system mayinclude an effluent boiler to produce steam which may be used forelectricity generation. The effluent may then flow through a cooler andcontrol valve to further lower the effluent temperature and pressure. Aliquid gas separator is typically used to separate the effluent intoliquid and gas phases. The liquid effluent generally includes watersaturated with carbon dioxide. The effluent gas may typically includeabout 90-95% carbon dioxide and 5-10% oxygen and be saturated withwater.

The use of high pressures at elevated temperatures presents a seriousproblem in that it is difficult to construct a reactor or reactionchamber which can withstand supercritical water conditions. Generally asthe temperature increases, the strength of construction materialdecreases. Supercritical pressures (generally greater than about 3,200psia) at temperatures exceeding about 1,000° F. present an enormouschallenge for any construction material, let alone even higher pressures(of the order of 10,000 psia) and temperatures. Such high pressures andtemperatures may be desirable for a number of reasons, includingdissolution of inorganic salts under supercritical conditions. The harshcorrosive environment inside the reaction chamber also presents aserious design challenge.

Maintaining control of the reaction temperature is important. In someinstances, the exothermic reactions proceed so rapidly that, unlesscontrolled, they generate temperatures which endanger the integrity ofthe reaction vessel. It is important to control the temperature of thereaction to ensure that the organic matter is fully oxidized. Thereaction temperature for proper oxidation is a function of the type andconcentration of organic matter in the input stream. If the temperatureswithin the reactor are allowed to fall under certain limits, thereaction products may be incomplete, new phases may be formed in thereaction zone, or the reaction may cease to take place altogether.

Many of the following patents and patent applications relate tosupercritical water oxidation methods and/or systems:

U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,533 to Hazlebeck et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,829 toThiel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,953 to Dickinson, U.S. Pat. No.4,338,199 to Modell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,066 to Dickinson, U.S. Pat. No.4,380,960 to Dickinson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,190 to Modell, U.S. Pat. No.4,564,458 to Burleson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,202 to Dickinson, U.S. Pat.No. 4,594,164 to Titmas, U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,408 to Titmas, U.S. Pat.No. 4,822,394 to Zeigler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,497 to Hong et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,497 to Welch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,139 toZeigler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4, 113,446 to Modell et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,106,513 to Hong, U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,107 to Dickinson, U.S. Pat. No.4,983,296 to McMahon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,614 to Gresser et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,142 to Sorensen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,231 toMueller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,877 to Rofer et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,183,577 to Lehmann, U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,453 to Keckler et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,221,486 to Fassbender, U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,604 to Swallow etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,605 to Baur et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,619 toCopa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,193 to Sawicki et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,252,224 to Modell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,497 to Hong et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,551,472 to McBrayer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,974 toMcBrayer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,606 to McBrayer et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,582,715 to McBrayer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,415 to McBrayer etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,039 to McBrayer et al., and U.S. Pat. No.5,770,174 to Eller et al. The above-referenced patents and patentapplications are hereby incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to a system/method for heating and/ortreating a stream. The system includes a recycle reactor. The recyclereactor typically includes a conduit configured in a loop. The conduitloop may include multiple conduits or conduit portions having differentlengths, bends, or diameters. Also, the conduit loop is preferably atleast partially vertically aligned.

A stream containing oxidizable matter enters one side of the recyclereactor through a feed input. The recycle reactor loop is preferablyconfigured so that the input stream flows around the loop to the otherside where an oxidant is added through an input. The oxidant reacts withthe oxidizable matter from the input stream. The reactor loop is adaptedto contain the oxidation reaction at supercritical conditions for water.A portion of the resulting reaction product is withdrawn from therecycle reactor through an effluent opening. The remaining reactionproduct stream flows around (recycles) to mix with the input stream.

The input stream may enter the reactor at a temperature below thecritical temperature for water. Preferably the recycled reaction productstream mixing with the input stream raises the temperature to the pointwhere the oxidizable matter reacts with the oxidant. Thus, an advantageof the invention is that the input stream may enter the recycle reactorat a temperature substantially lower than the critical temperature forwater. In some embodiments the input stream may enter the reactor atambient temperature, and the recycle flow rate may be sufficient toraise the temperature of the input stream to a reaction temperature.

To begin operation, the input strenn may be heated, but after theoxidation reaction begins, the reaction can in some embodiments besubstantially self-maitaning due to the recycling of a portion of thehot reaction product stream. Therefore, an advantage of the invention isthat the recycle reactor may not require preheaters or heat exchangersto heat the input stream to near critical temperature before enteringthe reactor. Some preheating may be used depending on the type andcontent of the input stream in order to raise the input streamtemperature so that the reaction will occur at the necessary temperaturefor proper oxidation However, the amount of heating required for suchinput streams is reduced by the recycling of the hot reaction productsstream. Thus a smaller preheater or heat exchanger may be used,resulting in a more compact and economical system.

The recycle reactor is preferably configured such that the difference influid densities between the input "leg" of the reactor and the reaction"leg" of the reactor creates a thermosiphon effect, thereby creatingrecycle flow. The recycle reactor may include a circulation device, suchas a jet pump, to enhance the recycle flow and facilitate the startup ofthe system.

The system may include a downstage soak or plug-flow reactor to completeoxidation of any remaining oxidizable matter in the effluent. Theeffluent may also flow through a boiler for steam generation, a cooler,a pressure reduction valve, or gas-liquid separator(s).

Controlling the temperature of the reaction product is important insupercritical water oxidation reactors. The temperature tends to requireadjustment to varying degrees depending upon the type and content of theinput stream. Also, the temperature preferably does not rise above amaximum limit, thereby protecting the mechanical integrity of thereactor. An embodiment of the invention provides initial reactiontemperature control by adjusting the ratio that the recycled reactionproduct mixes with the input stream. The system may include atemperature measuring device to monitor the effluent or reaction producttemperature. The recycle reactor may be adapted to adjust the recycleratio by varying the distance that the feed input conduit is insertedinto the reactor or by adjusting the cross-sectional area of the feedinput conduit. By controlling the recycle ratio, the invention providesa relatively uncomplicated mechanism for controlling the initialreaction temperature. The system may also include devices forcontrolling the amount of oxidant input to the recycle reactor orstopping the oxidant flow if the reaction temperature reaches apredetermined maximum limit.

The recycle reactor may treat miscible or non-miscible organic matter.In one embodiment water is input to the reactor as the input stream anda concentrated non-miscible organic stream enters the reactor through afeed input near the oxidant input.

The invention provides a method for oxidation of oxidizable matter in anaqueous stream. The invention may include:

inputting an input stream into a first portion of the reactor,

raising the input stream to a temperature such that the oxidizablematter in the input stream will react with oxygen;

flowing the input stream into a second portion of the reactor, whereinthe first portion and second portion of the reactor form a loop;

adding oxygen into the second reactor portion for reacting with theoxidizable matter from the input stream to create a stream containingreaction products;

flowing a portion of the stream containing reaction products out fromthe second conduit portion; and

recycling a portion of the stream containing reaction products into thefirst conduit portion, wherein the recycled portion mixes with the inputstream to raise the temperature.

The method may further include adjusting the amount of product streamthat is recycled and mixed with the input stream to control the reactiontemperature. The method may also include preheating the input stream asa function of the reaction product temperature or the content or type ofmaterial in the input stream. Controlling the recycle ratio may beperformed by adjusting the input conduit insertion distance or diameter.Similarly, the residence time of the reaction may be controlled. Theoxygen input flow may also be controlled.

The system and method of the present invention provide a recyclingreactor for supercritical water oxidation. The reactor advantageouslyrecycles a portion of the reaction product stream. The ratio of therecycled stream to the input stream may be advantageously controlled foradjusting the residence time and temperature of the oxidation reaction.Thus, complications and additional equipment such as preheaters, heatexchangers, and reactor stages may be minimized. The recycle reactorsystem may provide a compact and economical solution for organictreatment by supercritical water oxidation. This invention may also beapplied to non-supercritical systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a system with a recycle reactor.

FIG. 2 depicts a system with a recycle reactor and other equipment.

FIG. 3 depicts a system with a recycle reactor and a plug-flow reactor.

FIG. 4 plots effluent temperature curves for various recycle reactorinflow temperatures and inflow methanol concentrations.

FIGS. 5a/b depict the effect of various system parameters on recycleratio.

FIG. 6 depicts the position of a feed tube within a downflow conduit inan embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 1 shows a systemthat may be used for heating an input stream that is below thesupercritical temperature for water to a temperature above thesupercritical temperature of water. This system may be used to treatand/or react all or part of a stream containing oxidizable (e.g,organic) matter. It includes a recycle reactor 100 which is constructedto contain fluid at supercritical conditions for water during use.Throughout the following description the term "ignition temperature"denotes the minimum temperature that a stream must obtain to experiencea relatively rapid, significant rise in temperature due to the heatgenerated from the oxidation of the stream.

Recycle reactor 100 includes a first substantially vertically alignedconduit 110 having a top end 111 and a bottom end 113. The first conduit110 is connected to an input stream conduit 140 such that the inputstream is introduced into the first conduit 110 from the input streamconduit 140 during use. Recycle reactor 100 also includes a secondsubstantially vertically aligned conduit 120 having a top end 121 and abottom end 123. The second conduit 120 is adapted to contain a reactionof oxidizable matter with an oxidant during use. The reaction generallyproduces a reaction products stream that is hotter and less dense thanthe input stream. The reaction products stream flows upwardly throughthe second conduit during use. Recycle reactor 100 also includes a topconduit 102 connecting the top end 111 of the first conduit 110 to thetop end 121 of the second conduit 120, and a bottom conduit 104connecting the bottom end 113 of the first conduit 110 to the bottom end123 of the second conduit 120.

As shown in FIG. 1, recycle reactor 100 is in the shape of an oval loopwith curved conduits 112, 114, 122, and 124, however other reactor"looped" shapes such as squares, rectangles, circles, etc. would also beoperable within the scope of the invention. Curved conduits 112, 114,122, and 124 are advantageous in that they tend to prevent erosionand/or plugging at the turning points in the reactor.

Conduits 110 and 120 are only "substantially vertically aligned" whichmeans, in the context of this patent, that these conduit 110 and 120 areat least partially vertically aligned such that gravitational forceswill exert on downward force on fluids within these first and secondconduit 110 and 120. Absent other forces in place, fluids in these firstand second conduit 110 and 120 will tend to be forced downward by suchgravity from the top ends 111 and 121 to the bottom ends 113 and 123.Conduits 102 and 104 are preferably but not necessarily substantiallyhorizontally aligned.

Recycle reactor 100 preferably includes an oxidant source 152 connectedto the recycle reactor 100 via oxidant conduit 150 such that oxidant isintroduced during use from the source 152 into the recycle reactor 100at a location downstream of the first conduit 110 but upstream of thetop conduit 102. For insance, conduit 150 may be located such thatoxidant is introduced into conduits 104 or 120. Preferably conduit 150is located near the bottom end of second conduit 120 such that oxidationoccurs and thereby tends to heat the stream and cause reaction productsto flow upwardly through second conduit 120. In this manner thethermosiphon effect (caused by density differences between streamswithin the reactor) within the recycle reactor is enhanced. Thisthermosiphon effect is preferably used to move fluid in the recyclereactor without any substantial cooling or heating of fluids in therecycle reactor from an external source.

The oxidant may be an oxidizing agent such as ozone, oxygen, hydrogenperoxide, air, nitric acid, perchlorates, permanganates, or other knownoxidants in the art.

Recycle reactor 100 preferably includes an effluent conduit 126connected to the recycle reactor 100 downstream of the location thatoxidant is introduced into the recycle reactor 100, the effluent conduit126 being connected to allow at least some of the reaction productsstream to flow from the recycle reactor and into the effluent conduitduring use.

The recycle reactor 100 is configured such that fluid flows during usefrom the first conduit 110 to the bottom conduit 104, the bottom conduit104 to the second conduit 120, and the second conduit 120 to the topconduit 102. For instance, as shown in FIG. 1 fluid may flow via pathsa, b, c, d, e, and then a. Oxidant may join this fluid via path f. Aportion of the reaction products stream may exit the recycle reactor viapath g.

Preferably at least a portion of the reaction products stream recyclesduring use from the top conduit 102 to the first conduit 110, therebymixing with and heating the input stream to form a mixture above thesupercritical temperature for water. Thus the input stream maypreferably be heated to above the oxidation reaction ignitiontemperature without substantial heat exchange with an external source ofheat--that is, without substantial heat exchange with other fluids via aheat exchanger, fired heater, or the like. This is advantageous becausetypically heat exchangers and/or fired heaters are costly to build andoperate, especially when such equipment is designed to operate at ornear supercritical conditions for water. Instead of using suchequipment, heat is provided from the heated recycled stream, the heathaving been generated from the oxidation that occurred after the oxidantwas added.

A method of the invention may involve heating an input stream below thesupercritical temperature for water to a temperature above thesupereritical temperature of water. The method may include thefollowing:

introducing the input stream into a recycle reactor 100;

flowing the inputted stream through the bottom end 113 of the firstconduit 110 and then into a bottom end 123 of the second conduit 120;

introducing oxidant at a location downstream of the first conduit butupstream of the top conduit;

reacting oxidizable matter with an oxidant in the second conduit 120,the reaction producing a reaction products stream that is hotter andless dense than the input stream;

flowing the reaction products stream flows upwardly through the secondconduit 120 during use;

flowing at least a portion of the reaction products stream into aneffluent conduit 126 at a location downstream of the location thatoxidant is introduced into the recycle reactor,

flowing at least a portion of the reaction products stream from thesecond conduit 120 to the top conduit 102; and

recycling at least a portion of the reaction products stream from thetop conduit 102 to the first conduit 110, wherein the recycled reactionproducts stream mixes with and heats the input stream to form a mixtureat or near the desired ignition temperature, all without substantialheat exchange with an external source of heat.

The top conduit 102 may include a one way valve 125 (e.g., a checkvalve) adapted to allow fluid to flow from the top conduit 102 to thefirst conduit 110 during use, and to prevent fluid from flowing from thefirst conduit 110 to the top conduit 102 during use. In this mannerfluid flow in a selected direction within the recycle reactor may beassured.

Preferably the recycle reactor 100 is configured such that a streamdriving force is caused by density differences between the fluid in thefirst conduit 110 and the fluid in the second conduit 120. This streamdriving force is preferably greater than stream friction and momentumlosses in the recycle reactor. In this manner, colder fluid in firstconduit 110 will tend to fall downwardly towards the bottom end 113, andthence onward to second conduit 120. Oxidation in or before the secondconduit 120 tends to heat and lessen the density of the fluid, therebycausing it to rise within the second conduit 120. The downward forces inthe first conduit 110 tend to combine with the upward forces in thesecond conduit 120 to cause a thermosiphon effect which, preferably, isgreater than fluid friction losses, thereby facilitating movement offluid within the recycle reactor 100. Of course, pressure and velocityforces also affect the fluid in the recycle reactor 100. For instance,in the system of FIG. 1 the process of withdrawing effluent from nearthe top end 121 of the second conduit 120 tends to "pull" fluid upwardlyin the second conduit 120. Likewise, adding fluid from input conduit 140into the first conduit 110 tends to "push" fluid downwardly in firstconduit 110.

Oxidant, water, and/or oxidizable matter may be added with the inputstream via input conduit 140. Preferably oxidizable matter and water maybe added via input conduit 140 and oxidant may be added via oxidantconduit 150. Alternately, water may be added via input conduit 140, andoxidizable matter may be added via an oxidizable matter conduit 160.

The input stream may typically enter the recycle reactor 100 at atemperature less than supercritical (e.g., less than 200° F.) duringuse.

The system may include a controller 128 (e.g., a valve, an orifice,etc.) adapted to vary the amount of reaction products stream recycledinto the first conduit 110.

Preferably the system includes a circulation device 127 (e.g., a pumpsuch as a jet pump) coupled to the recycle reactor 100 and being adaptedto enhance the recycle of the reaction products stream into the firstconduit 110. Jet pump 127a is preferably used during system startup.This device 127 may be adapted to facilitate the recycling of at least aportion of the reaction products stream into the first conduit. Device127b may be a flow restriction device (e.g., orifice). Devices 127a and127b may be used separately or in combination with one another. Thiscirculation device 127 is preferably located in conduit 110 downstreamof input stream conduit 140.

The recycle reactor 100 in FIG. 1 may be adapted to fit within a systemsuch as is shown in FIGS. 2-3.

As shown in FIG. 2, a system of the invention may also include acontainer 201 adapted to hold input fluid including, e.g., an organicfluid. The input fluid may be a waste or byproduct from an input streamsource 202. A pump 203 may be coupled to the container 201. The pump 203may be adapted to draw fluid from the container 201, and then pump thefluid into the recycle reactor 200 at a pressure above about 3200 psia.Organic fluid from a container and/or pump may also be introduced via anoxidizable matter conduit 260.

The system may also include a heater 205 coupled to the input streamconduit 240, the heater 205 being adapted to heat the input stream.Heater 205 may be a heat exchanger or, for example, a gas fired heaterfed by gas via line 206.

In FIG. 2, oxidant and/or oxidizable matter may be introduced into therecycle reactor 200 via one or more of conduits 250, 251, or 252. Theinput stream may be introduced into the recycle reactor via one or moreof conduits 240,241, or 242.

Additional oxidant may be added to the effluent from the recycle reactorvia line 260. This additional oxidant serves to "finish" reaction of anyremaining oxidizable matter in the effluent. Cooling water may be addedprior to or simultaneously with oxidant.

Effluent from a recycle reactor may be fed to heat recovery unit 270. Inthis unit 270, heat may be recovered and used to transform water in line271 to steam in line 272. The fluid from the unit 270 may be furthercooled with an air cooler 280 and then sent to a liquid-gas separator290. In the separator 290 gaseous products such as carbon dioxide andwater vapor may be transported and/or vented via conduit 293, andliquids may be pumped with pump 291 into conduit 292.

Temperature control is important in oxidation systems operating atelevated conditions, especially when such operation is at or aboutsupercritical conditions. System conditions should be maintained withinthe maximum design parameters of the equipment being used. Thus a systemof the invention may include a temperature measuring system 230 coupledto the recycle reactor 200 and coupled to the heater 205. Thistemperature measuring system 230 is preferably adapted to measure atemperature of the reaction products stream. The system 230 ispreferably adapted to operate the heater 205 to adjust the input streamtemperature responsive to (e.g., as a function of) the temperature ofthe reaction products stream. For instance, as the temperature of thereaction products stream increases, the temperature of the input streammay be decreased, and vice versa. In this manner the reaction productsstream temperature may be controlled and/or maintained within equipmentdesign limits.

Preferably the heater 205 is operated to maintain the temperature of thereaction products stream between about 705° F. and 1200° F. Thetemperature measuring system may measure the reaction productstemperature in the effluent conduit 126, the second conduit 120, or thetop conduit 102.

In a system of the invention an organic content monitor 235 may becoupled to the input stream. The organic content monitor 235 ispreferably connected to measure the organic content of the input stream,and then send a signal to the heater 205 to adjust the input streamtemperature as a function of the organic content of the input stream.The heater 205 may be directed to provide less heat to the input streamas the organic content of the input stream increases, and vice versa.Again, one goal of such a control system is to control the input streamtemperature based on the organic content of the input stream before theinput product stream enters the recycle reactor, thereby also(indirectly) controlling the temperature of the reaction productsstream. The heater 205 is preferably operated such that the temperatureof the reaction products stream is maintained between about 705° F. and1200° F.

The amount of recycle from conduit 102 to first conduit 110 tends to beimportant in setting the residence time in the second conduit 120 (whichis preferably the reaction zone). In addition, adjusting the amount ofrecycle may facilitate establishing temperatures and compositionsthroughout the recycle reactor 100. Preferably the ratio of the reactionproducts stream recycled to and mixed with the input stream is about 1part input stream per about 1-6 parts (more preferably, 1-4 parts) ofreaction products stream.

Recycle can be controlled by varying the height of the denser fluidcolumn in the first conduit 110 and/or by varying the pressure drop inthe recycle reactor 100. The height of the denser fluid column may beset by the length of a feed conduit 143 (i.e., the length between points140 and 141 in FIG. 1). This length determines the level where the inputstream enters the recycle reactor 100. The pressure drop in the recyclereactor can also be adjusted to a desired level by increasing ordecreasing the cross-sectional area of the feed conduit 143 in the firstconduit 110.

In one embodiment the cross-sectional area of a portion of conduit 110may be adjusted by adjusting a valve located within conduit 110. Thepressure drop through the reactor may be controlled by adjusting thevalve, thereby controlling the rate of recycle flow.

Preferably the temperature of the oxidizable matter in the recyclereactor 100 is high enough so that, when in the presence of an oxidant,oxidation results and the desired effluent temperature is obtained.

Oxidant (e.g., oxygen) fed to the recycle reactor is preferably set sothat at least about 95% of the required stochiometric amount of oxidantfor complete combustion of oxidizable matter (e.g., organics) enters thereactor. The residence time in the reactor reaction zone is preferablyset so that about 99-100% of the oxygen fed into the recycle reactor 100is consumed. These conditions may be specified to keep the amount ofoxidant recycled to less than about 1% of the oxidant fed to the recyclereactor 100, and more preferably to a negligible level. Additionaloxidant may be added to the recycle reactor effluent prior to sucheffluent entering a plug-flow tubular reactor. Prior to the addition ofthe additional oxidant, the recycle reactor effluent may need to becooled before additional oxidation reactions occur. This cooling may beperformed externally by a variety of methods (e.g., indirect contactwith a cooling medium in a heat exchanger) or internally by use of aquench stream (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,715 and 5,770,174). Inthe subsequent plug-flow reactor additional residence time is providedin order to complete the combustion reaction.

Methods/systems to guard against excessive temperature in the recyclereactor 100 are preferred in order to: (1) maintain the oxidizablematter content of the stream in the first conduit at or above a minimumlimit so auto-ignition is possible, (2) keep the temperature of thestream in the first conduit at or above the auto-ignition temperature,(3) hold material flow through the recycle reactor 100 within acontrolled range so the recycle reactor 100, as sized, can meet designspecifications for effluent purity, (4) allow sufficient residence timein the reaction zone so that at least about ninety-nine percent, andpreferably all of the oxidant fed into the recycle reactor 100 isconsumed, and the oxidant recycled is preferably negligible but at leastless than about one percent of the oxidant fed to the recycle reactor100, and/or (5) limit the maximum temperature in the recycle reactor 100and thereby limit corrosion in the recycle reactor, and also avoidexceeding the maximum temperature tolerances of system equipment.

The system may also include an oxidant controller 159 adapted to controlthe rate that oxidant is introduced into the second conduit. The oxidantcontroller 159 is preferably adapted to control the oxidant rate suchthat the second conduit receives less than a stoichiometric amount ofoxidant necessary to react with all of the oxidizable matter from theinput stream. In an alternate embodiment, a temperature measuring device158 is coupled to the oxidant controller 159. The temperature measuringdevice 158 is adapted to measure the temperature of the reactionproducts stream (for instance, a thermowell and electronic thermometermay be installed in the effluent stream). The oxidant controller 159 ispreferably operable to change the flow rate of the oxidant into thesecond conduit as a function of the temperature of the reaction productsstream. For instance, the oxidant flow rate may be decreased as thereaction products stream increases, and vice versa.

As shown in FIG. 3, a system of the invention may include a reactor thatsubstantially exhibits plug-flow characteristics coupled to the recyclereactor and connected to receive effluent containing reaction productsfrom the recycle reactor. The plug-flow reactor is preferably adapted tooxidize oxidizable matter remaining in the effluent from the recyclereactor. An oxidant source may be connected to introduce oxidant intothe effluent and/or plug-flow reactor from the recycle reactor. Acooling system may be used to remove heat from the effluent prior to theintroduction of the oxidant into the effluent to initiate oxidationreactions.

Preferably the recycle reactor is adapted to react up to about 99% oftotal organic content of the input stream, and the plug-flow reactor isadapted to react at least 99.99% of total organic content of the inputstream. In this manner the recycle reactor is used to heat and partiallytreat (e.g., oxidize) oxidizable matter in the input stream. Theplug-flow reactor serves to "finish" the treatment of streams initiallyreacted in the recycle reactor.

Preferably the input stream is introduced into the recycle reactor nearthe top end of the first conduit, the oxygen is introduced into therecycle reactor near the bottom end of the second conduit, and theeffluent flows from the recycle reactor near the top of the secondconduit.

In an alternate embodiment, a heater may be coupled to second conduit120 to heat the stream within such conduit. Such heating can lessen thedensity of the stream and facilitate reaching the ignition temperatureof the stream (which may be especially important during start-up).

The recycle reactor 100 may include various conduits forming a loop. Theconduit cross-sectional area is not necessarily constant throughout therecycle reactor 100. In addition, the conduit may have substantial bendsto form a loop.

In a preferred embodiment of the recycle reactor, the oxidation reactionoccurs at supercritical conditions for water (at least 3200 psia and atleast 705° F.). The oxidation reaction produces heat which elevates thetemperature of the reaction product stream. Since the reaction productstream may have a temperature from about 705° F. to about 1200° F., theeffluent stream temperatures are also generally within the temperaturerange of about 705° F. to about 1200° F. When the recycle stream mixeswith the input stream in the first conduit 110, the temperature of theresultant mix stream is elevated. Generally enough of the hot reactionproducts stream is recycled to elevate the temperature of the mixedstream in the first conduit 110 to about 550-850° F. Also, the internalpressure in the reactor may be about 3600 psia to 4500 psia. Therefore,the recycle reactor 100 is preferably designed to tolerate supercriticaltemperature and pressure conditions.

In one embodiment water may be input into the recycle reactor 100through the input stream conduit 140. This embodiment of the recyclereactor 100 may be particularly useful for treating oxidizable matterwhich is non-miscible in water. In this embodiment the oxidizable mattermay enter the recycle reactor just prior to the oxidant entry point(e.g., via conduit 160) and then react with the oxidant at supercriticalconditions for water, thereby forming a reaction product stream insecond conduit 120.

Referring now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of a system for treatingoxidizable matter is depicted. A preferably aqueous solution containingoxidizable matter may be held in a feed tank 301. A pump system 302recirculates bottoms from tank 301 back to the top of tank 301 viaconduit 303. Another pump system 305 draws the solution from tank 301and pumps the solution to a heat exchanger 307. Hot fluid such as steamor effluent from a reactor enters the heat exchanger 307 via conduit309, heats the solution, and then exits the heat exchanger via conduit311.

The solution may flow through a preheater (see 205 in FIG. 2) beforeentering the recycle reactor. The preheater may be gas fired and ispreferably located downstream of heat exchanger 307 and upstream ofrecycle reactor 300.

Conduit 313 transports the solution from heat exchanger 307 or preheater205 into the recycle reactor 300. Recycle reactor 300 may, in oneembodiment, be about 3 meters in height, and the recycle may be about 3parts recycled stream per 1 part feed stream. Oxidant such as liquidoxygen may be introduced into the recycle reactor 300 via conduit 315,or subsequent to the recycle reactor via conduit 317.

One purpose of heat exchanger 307 and/or preheater 205 is to heat thesolution to a temperature near the critical temperature for water whenthe system first begins operation. Once oxidation begins in recyclereactor 300, the preheater 205 may no longer be required and may be shutoff, thereby saving fuel costs. This ability to eliminate preheatingonce the reaction begins is an advantage of such a system. The solutionmay be feed into the recycle reactor 300 at temperatures below 200° F.and even at ambient temperature.

Alternatively, preheater 205 may be used to adjust the temperature ofthe reaction product stream in the recycle reactor depending on the typeand content of the oxidizable matter in the solution.

The oxidizable matter is substantially oxidized in the recycle reactor300. The treated effluent stream leaving the recycle reactor istypically about 705° F. to 1200° F. The effluent stream flows through aneffluent conduit 316 and may flow into a plug-flow (e.g., "soak")reactor 319. Plug-flow reactor 319 may be straight tube, coiled tube, orbent tube such as is shown in FIG. 3.

Additional oxidizable matter, oxidant and/or water may also be addedeither separately or simultaneously via conduits 350-355 into theplug-flow reactor. Typically oxidant is added (which raises streamtemperature and reaction rates) and water is added (to cool streamtemperature).

From reactor 319 the solution may flow to steam boiler 320. Water entersboiler 320 via conduit 322 and exits via conduit 324. The effluentstream is cooled and steam produced from the effluent stream may be usedfor electric power generation. The effluent stream may also flow througha pressure valve 326 to reduce the pressure of the stream, and through aheat exchanger or cooler to further cool the effluent stream. Finally,the effluent stream may flow through phase separators 330, 331 and 332to separate gases such as CO₂ and steam (see conduits 336, 337, and 338)from liquids such as water (see conduits 340, 341, and 342). An expander335 may extract energy and reduce the pressure of gases exiting phaseseparator 330.

It is anticipated that the feed to a system of the invention willtypically include one of the following: (1) an aqueous organic solutionwith the organic miscible in water, (2) a non-miscible organic which isfed to the system separate from a water stream, or (3) a water slurry ofsolids mixed in the aqueous feed stream. In the case of a concentratednon-miscible organic, the water for dilution can be fed separately tothe first conduit 110 and the non-miscible organic can be fed near theoxidant entry point into the reactor (e.g., at the base of secondconduit 120).

In one example, the feed may be a miscible organic in a water solution(for example, a 10-20 wt % methanol solution) which is fed to a recyclereactor at ambient temperature. Such relatively concentrated solutions,when 95 weight percent (wt %) of the methanol is reacted with an oxidantsuch as oxygen, will result in effluent temperatures ranging from 705 to1200 degrees F.

Recycle from the "upflow" conduit (e.g., in FIG. 1, second conduit 120)to "downflow" conduit (e.g., in FIG. 1, first conduit 110) is typicallya function of: (a) the difference in densities between the fluid in theupflow and downflow conduits, (b) the height and cross-sectional area ofthe upflow and downflow conduits, (c) the rate of flow through thereactor loop, and (d) the friction and velocity head losses in thereactor loop.

In one embodiment the feed to the recycle loop is fed at roomtemperature. The feed to the recycle loop may be mixed with oxidantprior to its introduction into the recycle loop. Preferably the feedcomposition is such that, when reacted with oxygen, the streamtemperature peaks in the range of 900 to 1200 degrees F.

Calculated preheat temperatures of the feed, feed concentrations, andresulting effluent temperatures for reactions using a system such as isshown in FIG. 1 are presented below in Table 1. A heat balance may beused to determine an appropriate temperature of the feed to the recyclereactor. The heat content of the effluent stream may be determined bysumming the heat content of the feed and the heat of combustion andsubtracting any heat lost by the system to the surroundings. Therelationship between the temperature of an 18.4 weight percent methanolaqueous feed solution and the temperature of the effluent is shown inFIG. 4. In Table 1, it is assumed that 95% of an organic feed (i.e.,methanol and water) is oxidized to CO₂ and water vapor, and that theheat loss from the system is 5% of the total heat added to the system.The heat of combustion is assumed to be 8584 BTU per pound of methanol.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        FEED TEMPERATURE AT GIVEN FEED CONCENTRATION AND                              GIVEN EFFLUENT TEMPERATURE                                                    ______________________________________                                        EFFLUENT TEMP.  700      800    900    1000                                   FEED WT % METHANOL                                                            0.0             705      830    950    1055                                   2.5             574      755    810    879                                    5.0             419      742    754    782                                    7.5             229      607    702    730                                    10.0             27      470    566    636                                    ______________________________________                                    

FIG. 4 is a plot of the data listed in Table 1. The "x" axis of FIG. 4represents the weight percent of methenol in an aqueous feed stream. The"y" axis of FIG. 4 represents the feed temperature required to acaevethe effluent temperature shown next to the curved lines in FIG. 4.

From FIG. 4 it can be seen that the use of the recycle reactor isespecially valuable in avoiding the addition of surplus heat to thesystem when the feed concentration is greater than 10 weight percentmethanol.

If an organic such as octane is considered, then much leaner mixturesftirnish sufficient heat of combustion. Assuming that (a) 95 percent ofthe organic feed is oxidized to CO₂ and water, (b) 5 percent of thetotal heat added to the system is lost to the surroundings, and (c) theheat of combustion is 19,150 BTU per pound of octane, then to achieve a1000° F. effluent strea would require: (1) a 2.5 weight percent aqueousoctane feed to enter the reactor at 776° F., a 5.0 weight percentaqueous octane feed to enter the reactor at 614° F., and an 8.4 weightpercent aqueous octane feed to enter the reactor at 61° F.

FIG. 4 thus provides a guide as to when and how much preheat is requiredas a function of feed concentration and effluent temperature. If preheatis needed, then the amount of heat added may be controlled by adjustingthe amount of fuel gas added to a preheater as a function of effluentstream temperature.

As discussed above, a minimum temperature (e.g., auto-ignitiontemperature) can be maintained in the downflow conduit by controllingthe recycle ratio. The recycle ratio may be maintained at a higher ratethan required to insure that a minimum stream velocity is maintained inthe recycle reactor. Such a minimum stream velocity can be important toprevent settling of solids and/or fouling in the recycle reactor. Avalve and/or conduit may be incorporated near the bottom of the recyclereactor to allow solids or slurries to be periodically or continuouslydrawn from the recycle reactor.

The recycle ratio, using natural circulation, depends upon (a) thedifference between the densities of the fluid in the downflow leg (i.e.,"heavy leg") and the fluid in the upflow leg (i.e., "light leg"), (b)the difference in elevation between the top of the feed tube and the topof the effluent conduit, (c) the difference in elevation between the topof the circuit (i.e., point e in FIG. 1) and the base of the circuit(i.e., point c in FIG. 1), and (d) and any obstructions to flow presentin the flow circuit. The diameter of the feed tube determines thefrictional pressure drop in the downflow leg, since flow tends to beobstructed as it passes through the annulus formed between the outsideof the feed tube and the downflow conduit. The system is at equilibriumwhen the recycle ratio is increased to a value where the friction andmomentum losses in the system essentially balance the driving forceinduced by the difference in the densities of the fluids in the downflowand upflow legs and the configuration of the recycle reactor (e.g.,location of the top of the feed tube and the top of the effluentconduit, etc.). The preferred method of controlling the recycle ratio isto first set the diameter of the feed inlet tube to create a pressuredrop within a desired range in the downflow leg. The location (e.g.,height) that the feed is introduced into the downflow leg may then beadjusted to further control the recycle ratio. FIG. 6 illustrates theposition of the feed tube within the downflow leg in one embodiment.

It is to be understood that the point in the down flow conduit where thefeed is introduced into the recycle reactor impacts the recycle flow inthe recycle reactor. Tables 2a/b summarize calculated data illustratingthe impact on the reactor operating conditions of (a) the diameter ofthe feed tube, (b) the recycle ratio, and (c) the location of the feedtube in the recycle reactor. FIGS. 5a/b display calculated data relatedto Tables 2a/b. The variable termed "elevation difference" in Table 2ais the difference in elevation between the point at which feed isintroduced into the downflow conduit and the point at which oxidant isadded into the upflow conduit. In the cases shown in FIGS. 2a/b, thepoint at which oxidant is added into the reactor coincides with the baseof the upflow conduit. The "residence time" plotted in FIG. 5a is theamount of time needed by a stream portion to pass through the reactionzone (i.e., the region in the recycle reactor that extends from thepoint of oxidant entry to the point where the effluent conduit iscoupled to the reactor). Table 2a provides the stream velocity in thedownflow leg, "annular space", and feed tube. Shown in FIG. 6, the"annular space" is the region available for flow around the outside ofthe feed tube within the downflown conduit.

In FIGS. 5a/b and Tables 2a/b, an 18.4 weight percent aqueous methanolfeed stream is fed into the recycle reactor at ambient temperature(e.g., about 62 F.). No preheat is required to obtain the desiredeffluent temperature of 1000 degrees F. The system pressure is about4000 psia. The feed enters the recycle reactor via a tube within thedownflow conduit. The diameter of the feed tube may be changed to obtainthe desired recycle ratio. Increasing the feed tube diameter decreasesthe area available for flow in the conduit around the feed tube, therebyincreasing the differential pressure of the system and lowering therecirculating flow rate. Table 2b shows that decreasing the annularspace between the feed tube and the down flow leg tends to result in adecrease in the recycle flow if the vertical height of the reactor isnot increased. Results are shown for a feed rate to the recycle reactorof 10,000 pounds per hour. Table 2a provides operating conditions forcases where the outside diameter of the feed tube is 1 inch, 2 inches,and 3 inches, the inside diameter of the downflow leg is 4 inches, andthe inside diameter of the upflow leg is 10 inches. The reaction zone isnormally 20 feet high, however the height of the reaction zone may beincreased to increase the recycle ratio.

The effect of the diameter and position of the feed tube on the recycleratio is illustrated below in Table 2a. In the cases shown in Table 2a,the height of the downflow and upflow legs is 10 feet.

It is to be understood that all of the data in the table and figuresincluded herein are calculated estimates. Actual results will tend tovary dependent on specific system conditions.

                  TABLE 2a                                                        ______________________________________                                        Effect of Feed Tube Diameter and Feed Entry Location on Recycle               Ratio and Flow Velocity                                                                         Velocity (ft/s)                                             Feed Pipe                                                                              Recycle Elevation  Downflow                                                                             Annular                                                                             Feed                                 Diameter (in)                                                                          Ratio   Difference (ft)                                                                          Leg    Space Tube                                 ______________________________________                                        1        1       0.5        2.33   2.19  8.50                                 1        2       2.7        4.87   4.92  8.50                                 1        4       30.0       13.62  13.68 8.50                                 2        1       0.8        2.33   2.92  2.12                                 2        2       4.0        4.87   6.50  2.12                                 2        4       32.0       13.62  18.25 2.12                                 3        1       2.7        2.33   5.0   0.94                                 3        2       9.5        4.87   11.14 0.94                                 3        4       33.0       13.62  31.13 0.94                                 ______________________________________                                    

Once the recycle ratio is established, many process variables becomefixed. The relationship of the recycle ratio on several key variables isillustrated below in Table 2b. Table 2b provides the residence time ofthe stream in the reaction zone and the organic content and temperatureof the stream immediately before it enters the reaction zone.

                  TABLE 2b                                                        ______________________________________                                        Effect of Recycle Ratio on Key Variables                                      Recycle                                                                              Organic Content                                                                           Temper-   Residence                                                                            Upflow Leg                                Ratio  (weight percent)                                                                          ature (F.)                                                                              Time(s)                                                                              Velocity (ft/s)                           ______________________________________                                        1      9.20        629       2.33   1.82                                      2      6.13        736       4.87   2.63                                      4      3.68        774       13.62  4.24                                      ______________________________________                                    

It is preferred that (a) the organic content of the stream be at least2.5 weight percent when the stream reaches the entrance of the reactionzone, (b) the temperature of the stream be at least 680 degrees F. whenthe stream reaches the entrance of the reaction zone, (c) the residencetime of the stream in the reaction zone be at least 8 seconds, (d) thevelocity of the stream in the upflow conduit be at least 2.0 ft/s, (e)the velocity of the downflow conduit be at least 4 ft/s in the presenceof a feed tube, and (f) the velocity of the feed stream in the feed tubebe at least 2 ft/s.

Some advantages of a system of the invention are as follows:

1) Preheating to attain a specified auto-ignition temperature is oftennot required because the recycle stream will supply such heat directlyto the feed stream. Thus, the need for heat exchangers and heaters maybe eliminated.

2) Concentrated feeds can be processed without staging the reaction(such staging often requires the injection of water "quench" and oxidantalong a reaction path); and

3) Material flow through the reactor is minimized, thereby eliminatingsome processing equipment and assuring minimum size for requiredequipment.

In an alternate embodiment, process feed stream may be preheated to: (1)get the feed to an auto-ignition temperature of 600 to 750 degrees F.and (2) provide sufficient heat to the feed so such heat, when combinedwith the heat released by the oxidation reaction, heats the effluent toa temperature within the range of 705 to 1200 degrees F.

It is believed that a recycle reactor system can provide significantcost savings related to preheating feed streams in supercriticaloxidation systems. In supercritical oxidation systems using only aplug-flow reactor, the feed must be preheated to an auto-ignitiontemperature of 600 to 700 degrees F., regardless of feed concentration,in order to ignite the stream when it mixes with an oxidant. Incontrast, in a supercritical oxidation system which incorporates arecycle reactor, the auto-ignition temperature may be achieved in therecycle loop even if the feed enters at much lower or ambienttemperature. Preheating of feed thus becomes dependent only uponfurnishing sufficient heat to reach the desired effluent temperature.

The following different operating case conditions are presented toillustrate the use of a system which includes a recycle reactor.

Case 1

A 15 weight percent methanol solution enters the system at ambienttemperature. Without being preheated, it flows to a recycle reactor suchas shown in FIG. 2. Table 3 shows the flow conditions at steady stateoperation at various locations A-M located throughout a systemprocessing 10,000 pounds/hour of aqueous feed (locations A-M are shownin FIG. 2).

The feed stream enters the recycle reactor at 4300 psia and at ambienttemperature. Within the downflow leg, the temperature of the flowingstream reaches a temperature of 740 degrees F. by mixing 2 parts of thehot recycle stream at 1000 degrees F. with 1 part of fresh feed streamat ambient temperature. The stream after oxygen injection and ignitionreaches 1000 degrees F. The recycle and effluent streams are also at1000 degrees F. The reactor pressure is within a range of 4200 to 4300psia. At the reactor outlet, the stream composition contains less than0.01 percent of the organics entering in the process feed stream, with99.99 wt % having been oxidized to water and carbon dioxide. Formaterials harder to oxidize than methanol, a longer reactor could beused or, alternately, a downstream plug-flow, tubular reactor could beinstalled to provide extra retention time for the final stage of theoxidadon.

The plant is heated to start-up temperatures using a fired heater 205which is shut down once organics and oxygen are introduced and a flamefront is established. A smaller gas heater (e.g., 5 gallons per minute)can be used since start-up can be conducted at lower than steady stateflow conditions.

The recycle ratio used is 2 parts recycle per one part feed and iscontrolled by positioning the feed inlet tube at the proper height inthe downflow leg.

The hot effluent gases from the reactor are cooled first by heatexchange to generate high pressure steam and then by indirect air orwater cooling. The cooled stream flows through a pressure letdown valveto a liquid-vapor separator where the gases are separated by from theliquid stream.

It is believed that Case 1 presents a preferred case for application ofa system of the invention.

                                      TABLE 3                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                            Effluent                                       Feed to                                                                           Recycle                                                                            Oxygen to                                                                          Recycle Recycle                                                                           Oxygen                                                                             From    Vapor From                                                                          Liquid                  Feed     Recycle                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Recycle                                                                            Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Added to                                                                           Steam                                                                             Cooler                                                                            L/V   From                                                                               Steam              Stream   Reactor                                                                           Downflow                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Upflow                                                                            Recycle                                                                           Effluent                                                                          Effluent                                                                           Boiler                                                                            Effluent                                                                          Separator                                                                           Separator                                                                          Boiler             A        B   C    D    E   F   G   H    I   J   K     L    M                  __________________________________________________________________________    METH-                                                                              1500                                                                              1500                                                                              1500                                                             ANOL                                                                          WATER                                                                              8500                                                                              8500                                                                              25133     26820                                                                             16633                                                                             10188    10188                                                                             10188                                                                              60   10128                                                                              9000               OXYGEN            2250             100                                        CARBON       3367      5430                                                                              3367                                                                              2062      2062                                                                              2062                                                                             2026    36                    DIOXIDE                                                                       TOTAL,                                                                             10000                                                                             10000                                                                             30000                                                                              2250 32250                                                                             20000                                                                             12250                                                                             100  12350                                                                             12350                                                                             2098  10164                                                                              9000               LB/HR                                                                         TEMP,                                                                               100                                                                               100                                                                               740  100 1000                                                                              1000                                                                              1000                                                                              100   500                                                                               100                                                                               100   100  486               ° F.                                                                   PRESS.                                                                              14 4300                                                                              4200 4300 4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4300  4150                                                                              4100                                                                              50     50  600               PSIA                                                                          __________________________________________________________________________

Case 2

A 10 weight percent methanol solution enters the system at ambienttemperature and is preheated to 538 degrees F. prior to entering arecycle reactor such as shown in FIG. 2. Table 4 shows the flowconditions at steady state operation at various locations A-M locatedthroughout a system processing 10,000 pounds per hour of aqueous feed(locations A-M are shown in FIG. 2).

The feed stream enters the reactor at 4300 psia and 538 degrees F.Within the downflow leg, the temperature of the flowing stream reaches atemperature of 788 degrees F. by mixing 2 parts of the hot recyclestream at 1000 degrees F. with 1 part of fresh feed stream at 538degrees F. The stream reaches 1000 degrees F. after oxygen injection andignition. The recycle and effluent streams are also at 1000 degrees F.The reactor pressure is within a range of 4200 to 4300 psia. At thereactor outlet, the stream composition contains less than 0.01 percentof the organics entering in the process feed stream, with 99.99 percenthaving been oxidized to water and carbon dioxide. For materials harderto oxidize than methanol, a longer reactor could be used or,alternatively, a downstream plug-flow tubular reactor could be installedto provide extra retention time for the final stage of the oxidation.

The plant is heated to start-up temperatures using a fired heater 205.This heater 205 is sized for a continuous duty and is used to preheatthe feed to 538 F. while the plant is in operation.

The recycle ratio used is 2 parts recycle per one part feed and iscontrolled by positioning the feed inlet tube at the proper height inthe downflow leg.

The hot effluent gases from the reactor are cooled first by heatexchange to generate high pressure steam and then by indirect air orwater cooling. The cooled stream flows through a pressure letdown valveto a liquid-vapor separator where the gases are separated from theliquid stream.

                                      TABLE 4                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                            Effluent                                       Feed to                                                                           Recycle                                                                            Oxygen to                                                                          Recycle Recycle                                                                           Oxygen to                                                                          From    Vapor From                                                                          Liquid                  Feed     Recycle                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Recycle                                                                            Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Plug Flow                                                                          Steam                                                                             Cooler                                                                            L/V   From                                                                               Steam              Stream   Reactor                                                                           Downflow                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Upflow                                                                            Recycle                                                                           Effluent                                                                          Reactor                                                                            Boiler                                                                            Effluent                                                                          Separator                                                                           Separator                                                                          Boiler             A        B   C    D    E   F   G   H    I   J   K     L    M                  __________________________________________________________________________    METH-                                                                              1000                                                                              1000                                                                              1000                                                             ANOL                                                                          WATER                                                                              9000                                                                              9000                                                                              26609     27734                                                                             17609                                                                             10125    10125                                                                             10125                                                                              40   10085                                                                              8430               OXYGEN            1500              67   67  67  67   tr.                     CARBON       2391      3766                                                                              2391                                                                              1375     1375                                                                              1375                                                                              1340    35                    DIOXIDE                                                                       TOTAL,                                                                             10000                                                                             10000                                                                             30000                                                                              1500 31500                                                                             20000                                                                             11500                                                                              67  11567                                                                             11567                                                                             1447  10120                                                                              8430               LB/HR                                                                         TEMP,                                                                               100                                                                               538                                                                               788  100 1000                                                                              1000                                                                              1000                                                                               100  500                                                                               100                                                                               100   100  486               ° F.                                                                   PRESS.                                                                              14 4300                                                                              4200 4300 4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4300 4150                                                                              4100                                                                               50     50  600               PSIA                                                                          __________________________________________________________________________

Case 3

A 7.5 weight percent methanol solution enters the system at ambienttemperature and is preheated to 698 degrees F. prior to entering therecycle reactor as shown in FIG. 2.

The feed is so dilute in organics that it must be heated to nearcritical before entering the recycle reactor. At this temperature, it isabove the ignition temperature. The recycle reactor which is used toheat the reactor feed to ignition temperature is not needed. Thus, therecycle reactor is bypassed and the feed stream goes directly to a plugflow reactor.

Case 4

This case is an alternate preferred method of operating the recyclereactor. The feed stream is rich in organic content so no preheating isrequired prior to the entrance of the feed stream into the downflow legof the recycle reactor. Only about 95 percent of the stoichiometricamount of oxygen is fed to the recycle reactor and only about 95 percentof the organics in the feed are oxidized to water and carbon dioxide.This is done to keep the amount of oxygen in the recycle stream to aminimum. Oxygen in the recycle stream could cause preignition of thecombustion reaction and destroy the density difference between thedownflow and upflow legs which is the driving force in the recyclecircuit. The hot effluent stream from the recycle reactor is feddirectly to a plug flow reactor where additional oxygen is added and theremaining organics are oxidized.

In this case an 18.4 weight percent methanol aqueous solution enters thesystem at ambient temperature and without being preheated and flows to arecycle reactor such as shown in FIG. 3. Table 5 shows the flowconditions at steady state operation at various locations A-M locatedthroughout a system processing 10,000 pounds per hour of aqueous feed(locations A-M are shown in FIG. 2).

The feed stream enters the recycle reactor at 4300 psia and ambienttemperature. Within the downflow leg, the temperature of the flowingstream reaches a temperature of 736 degrees F. by mixing 2 parts of thehot recycle stream at 1000 degrees F. with 1 part of fresh feed streamat ambient temperature. The stream after oxygen injection and ignitionreaches 1000 degrees F. The recycle and effluent streams are also at1000 degrees F. The reactor pressure is within a range of 4200 to 4300psia. At the reactor outlet, the stream composition contains about 5percent of the organics entering in the process feed stream, with 95percent having been oxidized to water and carbon dioxide. A downstreamplug-flow tubular reactor is installed to provide extra retention timefor the final stage of the oxidation.

The plant is heated to start-up temperatures using a fired heater, 205,which is shut down once organics and oxygen are introduced and a flamefront is established.

The recycle ratio used is 2 parts recycle per one part feed and iscontrolled by positioning the feed inlet tube at the proper point in thedownflow leg. The size of the recycle reactor is 10 feet in verticallength, the downflow leg has a 4 inch inside diameter, and the upflowleg has a 10 inch inside diameter.

The hot effluent gases from the recycle reactor flow directly to theplug flow reactor. The hot gases from the plug flow reactor are cooledfirst by heat exchange to generate high pressure steam and then byindirect air or water cooling. The cooled stream flows through apressure letdown valve to a liquid-vapor separator where the gases areseparated from the liquid stream.

In Tables 3-5, unless otherwise indicated all entries are in pounds perhour.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects ofthe invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view ofthis description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed asillustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to beunderstood that the forms of the invention shown and described hereinare to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements andmaterials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein,parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of theinvention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of theinvention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein or inthe steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described hereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention asdescribed in the following claims.

                                      TABLE 5                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                            Effluent                                       Feed to                                                                           Recycle                                                                            Oxygen to                                                                          Recycle Recycle                                                                           Oxygen to                                                                          From    Vapor From                                                                          Liquid                  Feed     Recycle                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Recycle                                                                            Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Reactor                                                                           Plug Flow                                                                          Steam                                                                             Cooler                                                                            L/V   From                                                                               Steam              Stream   Reactor                                                                           Downflow                                                                           Reactor                                                                            Upflow                                                                            Recycle                                                                           Effluent                                                                          Reactor                                                                            Boiler                                                                            Effluent                                                                          Separator                                                                           Separator                                                                          Boiler             A        B   C    D    E   F   G   H    I   J   K     L    M                  __________________________________________________________________________    METH-                                                                              1840                                                                              1840                                                                              1986       238                                                                               146                                                                               92                                            ANOL                                                                          WATER                                                                              8160                                                                              8160                                                                              24206     26172                                                                             16046                                                                             10127    10230                                                                             10230                                                                              50   10180                                                                              8145               OXYGEN         0  2622       0   0 238   100                                                                               100                                                                               100  tr.                     CARBON       3808      6212                                                                              3808                                                                              2403     2530                                                                              2530                                                                              2490    40                    DIOXIDE                                                                       TOTAL,                                                                             10000                                                                             10000                                                                             30000                                                                              2622 32622                                                                             20000                                                                             12622    12860                                                                             12860                                                                             2640  10220                                                                              8145               LB/HR                                                                         TEMP,                                                                              61.8                                                                              61.8                                                                               736  100 1000                                                                              1000                                                                              1000                                                                              100   500                                                                               100                                                                               100   100  486               ° F.                                                                   PRESS.                                                                              14 4300                                                                              4200 4300 4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4200                                                                              4300 4150                                                                              4100                                                                               50     50  610               PSIA                                                                          __________________________________________________________________________

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for heating an input stream below thesupercritical temperature for water to a temperature above thesupercritical temperature of water, the system comprising;a recyclereactor which is constructed to contain fluid at supercriticalconditions for water during use, and which includes:a firstsubstantially vertically aligned conduit having a top end and a bottomend, the first conduit being connected to an input stream conduit suchthat the input stream is introduced into the first conduit from theinput stream conduit during use; and a second substantially verticallyaligned conduit having a top end and a bottom end, wherein the secondconduit contains a reaction of oxidizable matter with an oxidant duringuse, the reaction producing a reaction products stream that is hotterand less dense than the input stream, and wherein the reaction productsstream flows upwardly through the second conduit during use; a topconduit connecting the top end of the first conduit to the top end ofthe second conduit; and a bottom conduit connecting the bottom end ofthe first conduit to the bottom end of the second conduit; an oxidantsource connected to the recycle reactor such that oxidant is introducedduring use from the source into the recycle reactor at a locationdownstream of the first conduit but upstream of the top conduit; aneffluent conduit connected to the recycle reactor downstream of thelocation that oxidant is introduced into the recycle reactor, theeffluent conduit being connected to allow at least some of the reactionproducts stream to flow from the recycle reactor and into the effluentconduit during use; wherein the recycle reactor is configured such thatfluid flows during use from the first conduit to the bottom conduit, thebottom conduit to the second conduit, and the second conduit to the topconduit; and wherein at least a portion of the reaction products streamrecycles during use from the top conduit to the first conduit, therebymixing with and heating the input stream to form a mixture above thesupercritical temperature for water, all without substantial heatexchange with an external source of heat, and wherein the recyclereactor is configured such that density differences between the inputtedstream in the first conduit and the reaction products stream in thesecond conduit create a recycling stream driving force, and wherein therecycling stream driving force facilitates a recycling flow of thereaction products stream from the first conduit to the bottom conduit,from the bottom conduit to the second conduit, from the second conduitto the top conduit, and from the top conduit to the first conduit. 2.The system of claim 1, wherein the top conduit comprises a one way valveadapted to allow fluid to flow from the top conduit to the first conduitduring use, and to prevent fluid flow from the first conduit to the topconduit during use.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the recyclingstream driving force is greater than stream friction losses in therecycle reactor.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising anoxidizable matter conduit connected to the recycle reactor such thatoxidizable matter is introduced during use into the recycle reactor. 5.The system of claim 1, wherein the input stream enters the recyclereactor at a temperature less than about 200° F. during use.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, further comprising a controller adapted to vary theamount of reaction products stream recycled into the first conduit. 7.The system of claim 1 wherein the input stream comprises water andoxidizable matter.
 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising acirculation device coupled to the recycle reactor and being adapted toenhance the recycle of the reaction products stream into the firstconduit.
 9. The system of claim 1, for comprising a pump coupled to therecycle reactor and being adapted to recycle at least a portion of thereaction products stream into the first conduit.
 10. The system of claim1, further comprising:a container adapted to hold an organic fluid; anda pump coupled to the container, wherein the pump is adapted to draw theorganic fluid from the container, and then pump the fluid into therecycle reactor at a pressure above about 3200 psia.
 11. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a heater coupled to the input streamconduit, the heater being adapted to heat the input stream.
 12. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the system further comprises a temperaturemeasuring system coupled to the recycle reactor and coupled to theheater, wherein the temperature measuring system is adapted to measure atemperature of the reaction products stream, and wherein the heater isoperable to adjust the input stream temperature responsive to thetemperature of the reaction products stream.
 13. The system of claim 12,wherein the heater is operable to maintain the temperature of thereaction products stream between about 705° F. and 1200° F.
 14. Thesystem of claim 11, further comprising an organic content monitor in theinput stream, the organic content monitor being connected to measure theorganic content of the input stream, and wherein the heater is furtheroperable to adjust the input stream temperature as a function of theorganic content of the input stream.
 15. The system of claim 14, whereinthe heater is operable to maintain the temperature of the reactionproducts stream between about 705° F. and 1200° F.
 16. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a feed conduit inserted a distance into thefirst conduit, wherein the recycle reactor receives the input streamthrough the feed conduit, and wherein the distance that the feed conduitis inserted into the first conduit is adjustable.
 17. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the distance the feed conduit is inserted into thefirst conduit is adjustable to maintain the temperature of the reactionproducts stream between about 705° F. and 1200° F.
 18. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the distance the feed conduit is inserted into thefirst conduit is adjustable to maintain the ratio of the reactionproducts stream mixed with the input stream at about 1 part input streamper about 1-6 parts of reaction products stream.
 19. The system of claim1, further comprising a feed conduit inserted into the first conduitsuch that during use the recycle reactor receives the input streamthrough the feed conduit, wherein the feed conduit has a cross-sectionalarea, and wherein the cross-sectional area of the feed conduit isadjustable.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the cross-sectional areaof the feed conduit is adjustable to maintain the temperature of thereaction products stream between about 705° F. and 1200° F.
 21. Thesystem of claim 19 wherein the cross-sectional area of the feed conduitis adjustable to maintain the ratio of the reaction products streammixed with the input stream at about 1 part input stream per about 1-6parts of reaction products stream.
 22. The system of claim 19 whereinthe cross-sectional area is adjustable by adjusting a valve in the feedconduit.
 23. The system of claim 1, further comprising an oxidantcontroller adapted to control the rate that oxidant is introduced intothe second conduit.
 24. The system of claim 23 wherein the oxidantcontroller is adapted to control the oxidant rate such that the secondconduit receives less than a stoichiometric amount of oxidant necessaryto react with all of the oxidizable matter from the input stream. 25.The system of claim 23, further comprising a temperature measuringdevice coupled to the oxidant controller, wherein the temperaturemeasuring device is adapted to measure the temperature of the reactionproducts stream, and wherein the oxidant controller is operable tochange the flow rate of the oxidant into the second conduit as afunction of the temperature of the reaction products stream.
 26. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the reaction products streammixed with the input stream is about 1 part input stream per about 1-6parts of reaction products stream.
 27. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising a substantially plug-flow reactor coupled to the recyclereactor and connected to receive effluent containing reaction productsfrom the recycle reactor, wherein the plug-flow reactor is adapted tooxidize oxidizable matter remaining in the effluent from the recyclereactor.
 28. The system of claim 27, further comprising an oxidantsource connected to introduce oxidant into the effluent from the recyclereactor.
 29. The system of claim 27, further comprising an oxidantsource connected to introduce oxidant into the plug-flow reactor. 30.The system of claim 27 wherein the recycle reactor is adapted to reactup to 99% of total organic content of the input stream, and theplug-flow reactor is adapted to react at least 99.99% of total organiccontent of the input stream.
 31. The system of claim 1 wherein thesystem is adapted to react up to 99% of total organic content of theinput stream.
 32. The system of claim 1 wherein the input stream isintroduced into the recycle reactor near the top end of the firstconduit, the oxygen is introduced into the recycle reactor near thebottom end of the second conduit, and the effluent flows from therecycle reactor near the top of the second conduit.
 33. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the first conduit has a first cross-sectional area andthe second conduit has a second cross-sectional area, the secondcross-sectional area being greater than the first cross-sectional area.34. The system of claim 1, further comprising a jet pump located withinthe first conduit.
 35. The system of claim 1, further comprising aneducator located within the first conduit.
 36. A system for treating ainput stream, the system comprising;a recycle reactor which includes:afirst substantially vertically aligned conduit having a top end and abottom end, the first conduit being connected to an input stream conduitsuch that the input stream is introduced into the first conduit from theinput stream conduit during use; and a second substantially verticallyaligned conduit having a top end and a bottom end, wherein the secondconduit contains a reaction of oxidizable matter with an oxidant duringuse, the reaction producing a reaction products stream that is hotterand less dense than the input stream, and wherein the reaction productsstream flows upwardly through the second conduit during use; a topconduit connecting the top end of the first conduit to the top end ofthe second conduit; and a bottom conduit connecting the bottom end ofthe first conduit to the bottom end of the second conduit; an oxidantsource connected to the recycle reactor such that oxidant is introducedduring use from the source into the recycle reactor at a locationdownstream of the first conduit but upstream of the top conduit; aneffluent conduit connected to the recycle reactor downstream of thelocation that oxidant is introduced into the recycle reactor, theeffluent conduit being connected to allow at least some of the reactionproducts stream to flow from the recycle reactor and into the effluentconduit during use; wherein the recycle reactor is configured such thatfluid flows during use from the first conduit to the bottom conduit, thebottom conduit to the second conduit, and the second conduit to the topconduit, and wherein at least a portion of the reaction products streamrecycles from the top conduit to the first conduit during use, therebymixing with and heating the input stream, and wherein the first andsecond conduits are configured such that density differences between theinputted stream in the first conduit and the reaction products stream inthe second conduit create a recycling stream driving force, and whereinthe recycling stream driving force facilitates a recycling flow of thereaction products stream from the first conduit to the second conduit,and from the second conduit to the first conduit, and a substantiallyplug-flow reactor coupled to the recycle reactor and adapted to receiveeffluent containing reaction products from the recycle reactor, whereinthe plug-flow reactor is adapted to oxidize oxidizable matter remainingin the effluent from the recycle reactor.
 37. The system of claim 36,further comprising an oxidant source connected to introduce oxidant intothe effluent from the recycle reactor.
 38. The system of claim 36,further comprising an oxidant source connected to introduce oxidant intothe plug-flow reactor.
 39. The system of claim 36, wherein the recyclereactor is adapted to react up to 99% of total organic content of theinput stream, and the plug-flow reactor is adapted to react at least99.99% of total organic content of the input stream.
 40. The system ofclaim 36, further comprising a conduit adapted to provide a coolingstream directly into the effluent from the recycle reactor at a locationupstream of the plug flow reactor during use.
 41. The system of claim36, further comprising a conduit coupled to the effluent conduit adaptedto transfer water into the effluent conduit during use, the water beingat a temperature of below ambient temperature.
 42. The system of claim36, wherein the top conduit comprises a one way valve adapted to allowfluid to flow from the top conduit to the first conduit during use, andto prevent fluid flow from the first conduit to the top conduit duringuse.
 43. The system of claim 36, wherein the recycling stream drivingforce is greater than stream friction losses in the recycle reactor. 44.The system of claim 36, further comprising an oxidizable matter conduitconnected to the recycle reactor such that oxidizable matter isintroduced during use into the recycle reactor.
 45. The system of claim36, wherein the input stream enters the recycle reactor at a temperatureless than about 200° F. during use.
 46. The system of claim 36, furthercomprising a controller adapted to vary the amount of reaction productsstream recycled into the first conduit.
 47. The system of claim 36wherein the input stream comprises water and oxidizable matter.
 48. Thesystem of claim 36, further comprising a circulation device coupled tothe recycle reactor and being adapted to enhance the recycle of thereaction products stream into the first conduit.
 49. The system of claim36, further comprising a pump coupled to the recycle reactor and beingadapted to recycle at least a portion of the reaction products streaminto the first conduit.
 50. The system of claim 36, further comprising:acontainer adapted to hold an organic fluid; and a pump coupled to thecontainer, wherein the pump is adapted to draw the organic fluid fromthe container, and then pump the fluid into the recycle reactor at apressure above about 3200 psia.
 51. The system of claim 36, furthercomprising a heater coupled to the input stream conduit, the heaterbeing adapted to heat the input stream.
 52. The system of claim 51,wherein the system further comprises a temperature measuring systemcoupled to the recycle reactor and coupled to the heater, wherein thetemperature measuring system is adapted to measure a temperature of thereaction products stream, and wherein the heater is operable to adjustthe input stream temperature responsive to the temperature of thereaction products stream.
 53. The system of claim 51, wherein the heateris operable to maintain the temperature of the reaction products streambetween about 705° F. and 1200° F.
 54. The system of claim 51, furthercomprising an organic content monitor in the input stream, the organiccontent monitor being connected to measure the organic content of theinput stream, and wherein the heater is further operable to adjust theinput stream temperature as a function of the organic content of theinput stream.
 55. The system of claim 54, wherein the heater is operableto maintain the temperature of the reaction products stream betweenabout 705° F. and 1200° F.
 56. The system of claim 36, comprising a feedconduit inserted a distance into the first conduit, wherein the recyclereactor receives the input stream through the feed conduit, and whereinthe distance that the feed conduit is inserted into the first conduit isadjustable.
 57. The system of claim 56, wherein the distance the feedconduit is inserted into the first conduit is adjustable to maintain thetemperature of the reaction products stream between about 705° F. and1200° F.
 58. The system of claim 56, wherein the distance the feedconduit is inserted into the first conduit is adjustable to maintain theratio of the reaction products stream mixed with the input stream atabout 1 part input stream per about 1-6 parts of reaction productsstream.
 59. The system of claim 36, further comprising a feed conduitinserted into the first conduit such that during use the recycle reactorreceives the input stream through the feed conduit, wherein the feedconduit has a cross-sectional area, and wherein the cross-sectional areaof the feed conduit is adjustable.
 60. The system of claim 59 whereinthe cross-sectional area of the feed conduit is adjustable to maintainthe temperature of the reaction products stream between about 705° F.and 1200° F.
 61. The system of claim 59 wherein the cross-sectional areaof the feed conduit is adjustable to maintain the ratio of the reactionproducts stream mixed with the input stream at about 1 part input streamper about 1-6 parts of reaction products stream.
 62. The system of claim59 wherein the cross-sectional area is adjustable by adjusting a valvein the feed conduit.
 63. The system of claim 36, further comprising anoxidant controller adapted to control the rate that oxidant isintroduced into the second conduit.
 64. The system of claim 63 whereinthe oxidant controller is adapted to control the oxidant rate such thatthe second conduit receives less than a stoichiometric amount of oxidantnecessary to react with all of the oxidizable matter from the inputstream.
 65. The system of claim 63, further comprising a temperaturemeasuring device coupled to the oxidant controller, wherein thetemperature measuring device is adapted to measure the temperature ofthe reaction products stream, and wherein the oxidant controller isoperable to change the flow rate of the oxidant into the second conduitas a function of the temperature of the reaction products stream. 66.The system of claim 36 wherein the ratio of the reaction products streammixed with the input stream is about 1 part input stream per about 1-6parts of reaction products stream.
 67. The system of claim 36 whereinthe input stream is introduced into the recycle reactor near the top endof the first conduit, the oxygen is introduced into the recycle reactornear the bottom end of the second conduit, and the effluent flows fromthe recycle reactor near the top of the second conduit.
 68. The systemof claim 36 wherein the first conduit has a first cross-sectional areaand the second conduit has a second cross-sectional area, the secondcross-sectional area being greater than the first cross-sectional area.69. The system of claim 36, further comprising a jet pump located withinthe first conduit.
 70. The system of claim 36, further comprising aneducator located within the first conduit.
 71. A recycle reactor systemfor oxidizing organic waste at a supercritical temperature of watercomprising a continuous reaction loop, wherein the loop comprises anessentially vertically oriented reaction loop, configured to produce anupward flow of reaction products in a first part of the loop and adownward flow of unreacted organic waste in a second part of the loop,an organic waste conduit, a reaction products effluent conduit, anoxidant input conduit, and a means for maintaining the reaction duringuse at a supercritical temperature for water without the use of anexternal heat source, wherein the first part of the loop and the secondpart of the loop are configured such that density differences betweenthe unreacted organic waste in the second part of the loop and thereaction products in the first part of the loop create a recyclingstream driving force, and wherein the recycling stream driving forcefacilitates a recycling flow of the reaction products stream within thereaction loop.
 72. The system of claim 71, wherein the system iseffective to maintain the reaction temperature by controlling therecycle ratio during use.
 73. The system of claim 72, wherein the systemis effective to control the recycle ratio by diverting a controlledproportion of the reaction products stream into the effluent conduitduring use.
 74. The system of claim 73, wherein the proportion of thereaction products diverted is controlled by varying the circumference ofthe effluent conduit.
 75. The system of claim 73, wherein the diversionof a controlled proportion of the reaction products, stream into theeffluent conduit during use is controlled by a valve or an orifice. 76.The system of claim 72, wherein the system is effective to control therecycle ratio by varying the location of input of the organic wasteconduit in the loop during use.
 77. The system of claim 72, wherein thesystem is effective to control the recycle ratio by varying the amountof oxidant input during use.
 78. The system of claim 72, wherein thesystem is effective to control the recycle ratio by varying the amountof organic waste input during use.
 79. The system of claim 78, whereinthe amount of organic waste input is varied by varying the circumferenceof the input conduit.
 80. The system of claim 71, further comprising ameans for pre-heating an input stream of organic waste.
 81. The systemof claim 71, further comprising a circulation device effective toenhance the recycle flow within the device during use.
 82. The system ofclaim 81, wherein the circulation device is a jet pump.
 83. The systemof claim 71, wherein the oxidant conduit is positioned downstream of theorganic waste input conduit and the reaction products effluent conduitis positioned downstream of the oxidant input conduit.
 84. The system ofclaim 71, further defined as comprising a one way valve, effective toallow fluid flow in one direction in the loop during use, and to preventfluid flow in the opposite direction.
 85. The system of claim 71,further comprising a container for organic waste in fluid communicationwith the organic waste input conduit.
 86. The system of claim 85,further comprising a pump effective to pump fluid from the containerinto the organic waste input conduit.
 87. The system of clam 86, whereinthe pump is effective to pump the organic waste into the loop at apressure of above about 3200 psia.
 88. The system of claim 71, furthercomprising an oxidant source connected to the oxidant conduit.
 89. Thesystem of claim 88, wherein the oxidant source is a source of ozone,oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, air, nitric acid, perchlorates orpermanganates.
 90. The system of claim 71, further defined as comprisingone or more temperature measuring devices.
 91. The system of claim 71,further comprising a valve in the second part of the loop forcontrolling the rate of recycle flow.
 92. The system of claim 71,further comprising a plug-flow reactor connected to the reactionproducts effluent conduit.